Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, 1834
Common names
- 🇬🇧 Male-fern
- 🇫🇷 Dryoptéride fougère-mâle, Fougère-mâle, Dryoptéris fougère-mâle
Taxonomy
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Clade: Tracheophytes
- Clade: Monilophytes
- Class: Polypodiopsida
- Subclass: Polypodiidae
- Order: Polypodiales
- Suborder: Polypodiineae
- Family: Dryopteridaceae
- Subfamily: Dryopteridoideae
- Genus: Dryopteris
- Species: Dryopteris filix-mas
Presence
Present.
Conservation status
- Red List (Metropolitan France): LC Least Concern
- Red List (Europe): LC Least Concern
Notes
Possible confusion with D. affinis (Lowe) Fraser-Jenk., 1979, which has abundant reddish-brown scales on the petiole, entire pinnules, and a black spot at the junction of the pinnae with the rachis, visible on the abaxial side, while D. filix-mas has few light brown scales on the petiole, dentate pinnules, and lacks a black spot at the junction of the pinnae with the rachis.
Possible confusion with D. borreri (Newman) Kinahan, 1856, which has more or less asymmetrical basal pinnae and a black spot at the junction of the pinnae with the rachis, visible on the abaxial side, while D. filix-mas has symmetrical basal pinnae and lacks a black spot at the junction of the pinnae with the rachis.
The following infraspecific taxa are accepted:
- D. filix-mas subsp. brittonii Fraser-Jenk. & Widén, 2006, A;
- D. filix-mas subsp. filix-mas: allotetraploid (2n = 164)
- var. filix-mas (L.) Schott, 1834, P;
- var. pseudorigida Christ, 1900.
Hybridizes with:
- D. affinis (Lowe) Fraser-Jenk., 1979 to produce D. × complexa Fraser-Jenk., 1987, P;
- D. borreri (Newman) Kinahan, 1856 to produce D. × critica (Fraser-Jenk.) Fraser-Jenk., 2007, P;
- D. cambrensis (Fraser-Jenk.) Beitel & W.R.Buck, 1988 to produce D. × convoluta Fraser-Jenk., 2007, P;
- D. carthusiana (Vill.) H.P.Fuchs, 1959 to produce D. × brathaica Fraser-Jenk. & Reichst., 1977, P;
- D. oreades Fomin, 1910 to produce D. × mantoniae Fraser-Jenk. & Corley, 1972, P;
- D. pseudodisjuncta (Fraser-Jenk.) Fraser-Jenk., 2007 to produce D. × complanata Fraser-Jenk., 2007, P;
- D. pseudocomplexa (Fraser-Jenk.) P.D.Sell, 2018 to produce D. × neoinconspicua P.D.Sell, 2018;
- D. tyrrhena Fraser-Jenk. & Reichst, 1975 to produce D. × ligustica Gibby, S.Jess. & Marchetti, 2024, P.
Photographs
Sources
Badré, F., & Deschatres, R. (1979). Les Ptéridophytes de la France : liste commentée des espèces (taxinomie, cytologie, écologie et répartition générale). Candollea, 34(2), 379-457. https://doi.org/10.5169/seals-880127
Prelli, R., & Boudrie, M. (2024). Les fougères et plantes alliées d’Europe (2nd ed., p. 382). Biotope.
Tison, J.M., & de Foucault, B. (2014). Flora Gallica : Flore de France (p. 12). Biotope.
Väre, H., Bento Elias, R., Christenhusz, M., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G., & Rumsey, F. (2017). Dryopteris filix-mas (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2017. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/83646552/85425039